Necessitarian
31ЛИБЕРТАРИЗМ — (libertarianism) Относится прежде всего к тем теориям и взглядам, общей чертой которых является стремление повернуть вспять развитие коллективизма и авторитаризма и сузить границы государства . В традиционном понимании термин либертарист означал… …
32Roberto Mangabeira Unger — Roberto Mangabeira Unger, né en 1947 à Rio de Janeiro, est professeur à la Faculté de droit de l Université Harvard (Harvard Law School). Roberto Mangabeira Unger Biographie Fils de Edyla Mangabeira, poète et journaliste brésilienne (co éditrice… …
33Stoicism — Stoicism1 Brad Inwood 1 FROM SOCRATES TO ZENO More than eighty years passed between the death of Socrates in 399 BC and the arrival in Athens of Zeno in 312. Athenian society had undergone enormous upheavals, both political and social. The Greek… …
34Enlightenment (The Scottish) — The Scottish Enlightenment M.A.Stewart INTRODUCTION The term ‘Scottish Enlightenment’ is used to characterize a hundred years of intellectual and cultural endeavour that started around the second decade of the eighteenth century. Our knowledge of …
35COLLINS, ANTHONY — an English deist, an intimate friend of Locke; his principal works were Discourse on Freethinking, Philosophical Inquiry into Liberty and Necessity, and Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, which gave rise to much controversy; he was …
36free will and predestination — The tension between human free will and God’s predestination is a thorny issue in the Islamic tradition. Although one can find prominent strains of fatalism in pre Islamic thought, concepts such as dahr or zaman (‘time’, which inexorably… …
37Ibn Masarra, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah — (269–319/883–931) The earliest Andalusian philosopher in the Islamic West, Ibn Masarra was a charismatic figure who founded a Sufi hermitage in the mountains outside his birthplace in Cordoba. His followers – the masariyya – sought inward or… …
38Neoplatonism — (al aflatuniyat al muhdatha) A creative synthesis of Pythagorian, Platonic, Aristotelian and Stoic philosophy – infused with a religio mystic spirit – Neoplatonism was the final flowering of ancient Greek thought (c. third – sixth century ce) …
39al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din — (543–606/1149–1209) Fakhr al Din al Razi in many ways represents the apex of ‘modern’ Ash‘arite theology. Like his eminent predecessors, al Juwayni, al Ghazali, and al Shahrastani, al Razi strove to justify rational theology, even casting it… …
40Necessity — (Roget s Thesaurus) < N PARAG:Necessity >N GRP: N 1 Sgm: N 1 involuntariness involuntariness Sgm: N 1 instinct instinct blind impulse Sgm: N 1 inborn proclivity inborn proclivity innate proclivity Sgm: N 1 native tendency native tendency… …
