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A device invented by Galileo Galilei to observe Jupiters moons with the purpose of finding longitude on Earth. It took the form of a piece of headgear with a telescope taking the place of an eyehole.
"...Galileo had designed a special navigation helmet for finding longitude with the Jovian satellites. The headgear—the —has been compared to a brass gas mask in appearance, with a telescope attached to one of the eyeholes."
Wikipedia foundation.